In Java, encapsulation basically translates to this simple guideline: “Don’t access your object’s data directly; use its methods.” That is an elementary idea, but it eases our lives as ...

Project Amber has brought a number of new features to Java in recent years. While each of these features is self-contained, they are also designed to work together, enabling data-oriented programming.

These user-defined data types are called "classes," and one instance of a class is an "object." For example, in a payroll system, a class could be Manager, and Pat and Jan could be two instances ...

Pass class objects: Use Class<T> objects to retain type information at runtime. Use reflection: Java’s Reflection API allows inspection of generic types—but with some limitations.