Identifying causal relationships from observational data is not easy. Still, researchers are often interested in examining the effects of policy changes or other decisions. In those analyses, ...

Central to the idea of variance components models is the idea of fixed and random effects. Each effect in a variance components model must be classified as either a fixed or a random effect. Fixed ...

Lung-fei Lee, Jihai Yu, A SPATIAL DYNAMIC PANEL DATA MODEL WITH BOTH TIME AND INDIVIDUAL FIXED EFFECTS, Econometric Theory, Vol. 26, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 564-597 ...

It is well known from the Monte-Carlo work of Nerlove that using the standard within-group estimator for dynamic models with fixed individual effects generates estimates which are inconsistent as the ...

When members of a cohort are grouped, mixed-effects models are often used to fit to exposure data, as these models allow an analyst to treat the group as either a fixed or a random effect.